Water-tank (dry) near Shore temple Left to right: Varaha, Pillar temple, Spring |
Left: Diving Varaha when tank has some water Right: Rishabantika Siva in the pillar shrine |
Just to
the north of the twin shore temples at Mamallapuram is an excavated granite water
tank (or pond) with some unusual sculptures of the Pallava era. From south to
north, they are a digging (diving, rather) Varaha, a pillar temple and a
natural spring with a jala-kanya sculpture. These were not discovered until the
1990s by the ASI, being buried in the sand until then. Scholars seem to have
not hazarded too many guesses at what this tank could be, though it seems
obvious to me. NS Ramaswamy’s book “2000 Years of Mamallapuram” summarises a paper
that PL Samy published, titled “Water cult in Mahabalipuram”, in Journal of
Tamil Studies, Tuticorin, 1975. Not too many new books on Mamallapuram have appeared after the
excavation of the tank. And they have concentrated on the other aspects of
Mamallapuram.
The
Varaha sculpture is carved out of the mother rock like the three other animal
sculptures in the Five Rathas nearby. It has four birudas (titles) of Rajasimha
Pallava, some of his favorites, inscribed upon the base, in Sanskrit in the
Pallava Grantha script. The birudas on the side are “Sri RajasimhaH” “Sri
RanajayaH” and “Sri BharaH”. The biruda on the rear, under the varaha’s tail, is
“Sri Citra KaarmukaH”. Between the legs of the boar on both the and under its
tail, leaves of acquatic plants are sculpted. These are similar to those at the
base of the Varaha and Gajalakshmi panels in the Varaha Mandapam. These
indicate that the boar which represents Vishnu, is diving under water, not merely digging.
Sanskrit inscriptions in Pallava Grantha script- Sri RaajasimhaH Sri RaNajayaH Sri BharaH श्री राजसिंहः श्री रणजयः श्री भरः |
The
pillar temple, unique even to Mamallapuram, has a small shrine in its middle, about
a foot square, with a bas-relief of Siva as Rishabantika on the back wall. The
base, part of the mother rock, like the Varaha, has clearly sculpted features
that are part of the adishtana, with the lowest level a sixteen sided polygon
and everything above it circular. The small shrine has two dvarapalas on seated
lions with raised paws. Two similar pilasters adorn the rear of this shrine.
The pillar shrine clearly has a kodungai, greeva and a shikara. That it is a
temple is not in question. It contrasts nicely with a seated lion shrine on the
south side of the Shore temple, which features a similar excavated small
shrine, with Mahishasura Mardhinion on the back wall. This lion-vahana temple
has a Pallava copy in the mini-tiger cave complex a further half-a-kilometer
south of the Shore temple, but the pillar temple has no Pallava imitations. The
only attempts at imitation which I can think of, are the modern cement-conrete pilaster
shrines in most houses and apartment complexes, all over India, which usually have
Vinayaka idols.
A panoramic photo of Rishabhantika Siva with Brahma and Vishnu flanking him |
About three
feet north of the pillar temple, is a freshwater
spring (called sunai in Tamil). It has a sandy base when dry, and seeps water
occasionally. It has a flawless circular ring wall, about two feet in diameter,
with a niche at the eastern side, which has a sculpted figure of a jala-kanya (water-maiden)
and her chaamara-kanyas (whisk-bearers).
The Spring, when dry Sandy bed. Jalakanya sculpture |
Spring under water |
Clearly the whole stepped tank was
designed to fill up with fresh water, either from the spring, or by rain.
Notice that the topstep of the watertank is lower than the greeva of the pillar
temple. If the tank ever filled up to the brim, the shikara would still be
above the water level. This is quite significant and by design.
I
believe the pillar temple is not merely a temple, but a representation of Siva as Lingodhbhava and
is integrated into the tank for this purpose. There is no other Lingodhbhava at
Mamallapuram, but there is a magnificent Lingodhbhava on the southern wall of
the Kanchi Kailasanatha temple, also built by Rajasimha Pallava. Eight armed ,
and encased in a rhombus like pattern of four slanted lines within a
rectangular niche, neither the feet of the Lingodhbhava nor the tip of his
crown (jata-makuta or matted hair) are shown, just as they were not seen by
Brahma or Vishnu. To his sides below his waist are Brahma and Vishnu, standing in
adoration. Above them respectively are (1) Brahma flying (b) Surya and Chandra
flying, Siva’s jata-makuta raising over them. Directly under Siva, is shown a four
armed boar, carrying the conch (shankha) and discus (chakra), the weapons of
Vishnu.This is severaly damaged, but it is unmistakeable. In later Chola
sculptures, a similar Lingodhbhava but more cylindrial, with Siva in an oval
rather than rhombus-like interior, can be seen with a hamsa (swan) representing
Brahma. Often Brahma himself is seated on the swan.
Lingodhbhava - Kanchi Kailasanatha temple Varaha below Lingodhbhava |
Lingodhbhava at Sivapuram near of Coovam river |
Brahma on hamsa - Sivapuram |
Vishnu as Varaha, Sivapuram |
Brahma on hamsa - Konerirajapuram |
Living Sculptures: Water in the Bas-Relief Panels
Prof Baluswamy
in his Tamil books அர்சுணன் தபசு Arjunan Tapasu (about Arjuna’s Penance) and புலிகுகையும் கிருஷ்ண மண்டபமும் Puli Kugaiyum
Krishna Mandapamum (about Tiger Cave and Krishna Mandapam), showed that not
only the Arjuna’s Penance bas-relief, but also the Govardhana bas-relief in
Krishna Mandapam had water themes. The cleft in the middle of the Arjuna Penance
indicated the Ganga, which led Victor Goloubew to propose that it is Bhagiratha’s
Penance rather than that of Arjuna. And several scholars have pointed out that
there existed a brick-and-mortar cistern at the top of the cleft. So when rain
filled up a tank there, and water flowed out, viewers would see a torrent of
water pouring down the Ganga cleft – rendering it a living sculpture, where
water was integrated with the stone figures. Baluswamy argued that the
Govardhana panel was also a living sculpture, before Vijayanagar kings built a
mandapam preventing rain. Imagine seeing Krishna lift the Govardhana panel
through the drizzle as people had for the previous seven or eight centuries!
Several
of the monuments in Mallai, including Trimurthi mandapam with a well, Varaha
mandapam, with a small tank, Dharamraja Ratha with water spouts, Mahishasura
Mardhini Rock lapped by the sea at high tide have obvious water integration, besides the two
great bas reliefs. I believe a case could me made that Tiger Cave, Mini Tiger
caves, Athiranachanda mandapam, Koneri mandapam (named after the large pond nearby
called Koneri) and most likely the original Vishnu shrine in the shore temple,
had themes based on water integration. Like Fermat’s theorem, those are too
small to fit here in this blog.
Now
imagine the Lingodhbhava water-tank filled to the brim with clear water. Imagine
a swan flies in and swims along the surface, representing Brahma – but still
below the top of the Lingodhbhava pillar. Peer through the water, and see a
Varaha diving, but not quite reaching the bottom of the water : a Varaha with
the title “Sri Bhara”, the perfect epithet for Vishnu!
A play
with water and sculpture, worthy of a king who called himself IndraLeelaH? A well-measured
marvel, isn't it? Or to use the Sanskrit phrase : atimaanam atiadputam! अतिमानम् अति अत्पुदम् ॥
Can you,
like me, see Athyantakaama Pallava smiling at us, through the misty drizzle of
thirteen centuries?
11 September 2024 - this photo below by Suresh Priyan, captures what I tried to portay in this essay
Same tank Water filled Photo by Suresh Priyan |
Pond at TTDC Resort, Mamallapuram Swans? |
If you liked this essay, you may also like my other blogs on Mamallapuram or Rajasimha
1. Atyantakaama Pallava's poem - a musical experiment
2. Rajasimha's third inscription
3. An overview of Mamallapuram
5. Pallava Grantha alphabet in Kanchi Kailasantha temple
2. Rajasimha's third inscription
3. An overview of Mamallapuram
4. Rajasimha’s Calligraphic Nagari script
7. மாமல்லபுரத்து உழைப்பாளர்
சிலை
...or these videos
Prof Baluswamy on Arjuna's Penance (in Tamil)
Prof Baluswamy on Krishna Mandapam (in Tamil)
R Gopu on 2000 Years of Mamallapuram (in Tamil)