Near
Mamallapuram, at Saluvankuppam, in the Tiger cave complex, there is a temple cave
called Athiranachanda mandapam, built by Rajasimha Pallava. This has inscriptions,
both Sanskrit poems, on opposite walls of its verandah, composed by Rajasimha, but
in two different scripts - Nagari and Pallava Grantha.
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| Athiranachanda Mandapam |
Athiranachanda inscriptions
The first
five stanzas are the same in both inscriptions. and begin with the phrase
"Srimatho AthyanthaKaamasya". AthyanthaKaama is a favorite biruda
(title) of Rajasimha, which he has also inscribed in Kanchi Kailasantha temple
and in Panamalai Talagirisvara temple. The first four stanzas praise Siva. The
fifth stanza of this poem says that AthiranchandaH, King of Kings (avanibhujaam
patiH), built (akarOt ) this (idam) temple for Athiranachandeshvara; Let
Pashupathi, eternally (niyata) delighting (kRtarati) dwell (bhavatu) here (iha),
with (sahita) GiriTanaya (Paarvati), Guha (Skanda) and his ganas (gana)
अतिरणचण्ड पतिरवनिभुजाम् अतिरणचण्डेश्वरम् इदं अकरोत् ।
इह गिरितनया गुहगणसहितो नियतकृतरति भवतुपशुपतिः ॥
AthiranchandaH
pathiravanibhujaam AthiranchandEshvaram idam akarOt
Iha giritanaya
guha gaNa sahitOH niyatakRtarati bhavatu pashupatiH
While the
rest of the Sanskrit inscriptions of the Pallavas, in Mamallapuram, are also in
Pallava Grantha script, Rajasimha has used not only Pallava Grantha and Nagari,
but also a calligraphic Nagari script in the Kanchi Kailsanatha temple.
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| South wall, Grantha |
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| North wall, Nagari |
In 1890,
Archaeological Survey of India published all these inscriptions in South
Indian Inscriptions, Volume I, edited by E Hultzsch. These are the
transcripts used by almost all scholars in all subsequent papers, essays and
books on Mamallapuram.
Babington’s Gift
But in
1828, Benjamin Guy Babington, was assisted by someone he calls a "Jain
Brahmana" (probably Jain scholar), whose name is not mentioned, who
deciphered the Pallava grantha inscriptions at Ganesha Ratha. Babington was not
aware of the Athiranachanda Mandapam, but was sent transcripts of this site by
Colonel de Havilland. Colonel de Havilland, sent Babington THREE inscriptions
of five stanzas - these include the two listed by Hultzsch, and a third one in
an entirely different version of the Nagari. The text of this third inscription
is exactly the same as the other two. Remarkably, none of the later papers or
books on Mamallapuram mentions this third inscription.
When
going through a book titled "Seven
Pagodas of the Coromandel Coast", by Captain MW Carr, a large copy of
which I saw at the library of the Madras Literary Society, on College Road, which
included Babington's 1828 paper, I discovered (re-discovered) this forgotten
third Rajasimha inscription.
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| With Siva, Badri and Prof Swaminathan at MLS, looking at Carr's book |
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| Rajasimha's Three inscriptions with modern Grantha, Devanagari transliterations |
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| The third Rajasimha inscription - Rustic Nagari |
This
inscription cannot be found today - it is perhaps buried under and the ASI may
have to excavate around the Athiranachanda mandapam to discover it. It must be
remembered that most of the monuments at Mamallapuram were buried upto various
levels and recovered by British Orientalists in the 19th century. Only a few
years ago, a stone boar, a pillar and stepped pond were discovered next to the
Shore temple. And the 2004 Asian tsunami uncovered fragments of a rock which
since has been excavated and has revealed a large brick-built complex, perhaps
a Murugan temple
Mackenzie’s Map and Chola Tamil inscriptions
Babington's
paper also includes copy of a map made by Colin Mackenzie in 1808, which
denotes two other objects near Athiranachanda mandapam, marked Inscribed Stone and Inscribed Rock. These also cannot be
seen today, but transcripts of these inscriptions in Tamil are presented in a
1844 paper by John Braddock, William Taylor, Walter Elliot and George Mahon,
also published in the book by MW Carr. At present, there are ASI monument
marker stones, which may mark these.
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| Mackenzie 1808 Map showing Inscribed Rock, Stone near Athiranachanda |
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| Is this the Inscribed Stone? |
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| Is this the "Inscribed Rock"? |
The shorter inscription, is as follows, on the Inscribed Stone (described in Walter Eliot’s supplement
to the
Braddock-Mahon essay as “northwest of this mandapam, No. 32 in the map, level with
the surface”):
ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ
இச்சகதலதமானார்க்கு மதிதவிட்டாகி மாப்பட்டியில் திருவமிதிக்கு இருமாநிலமும் திருவிளக்கு
கழஞ்சு பொன்னும் குடுத்தது
Svastishree iccagathalatamaaanaarkku maditaviTTaagi maappaTTiyil
tiruvamidikku irumaa nilamum tiruviLakku kazanju ponnum kuduttadu
The longer inscription, on the Inscribed Rock (described in Walter Eliot’s supplement
to the
Braddock-Mahon essay as “About 100 yards north of
the Mandapam, is a mass of natural rock, No. 33 in the map, one end of which is covered
in long tamil inscription. In 1840, sand was cleared away and a transcript made”)
is quite long, so I will give segments here.
The first two lines are as follows, and Dr Nagaswamy says this is the
meikeerthi of Kulottunga Chola the third, and Dr Marxia Gandhi concurs:
ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ
திருவாய்கேழ்வி முன்பாக த்ரிபுவனசக்கரவர்த்திகள்
மதுரையும்
ஈழமும் கருவூரும் பாண்டியன் முடித்தலையும் கொண்டு
Svastisree
tiruvaaykEzvi munpaaga tribuvanacakkaravarttigaL
Maduraiyum
eezamum karuvoorum paaNDiyan muDittalaiyum koNDu
A later
section says in the 37th year of Tribhuvana Tevar
த்ரிபுவனதேவர்க்கு
யாண்டு _ஙயஎ_ (37)
tribuvantEvarkku
yaaNdu 37
ஜயங்கொண்டசோழ
மண்டலத்தாமூர்க்கோட்டத்து தேவதானம் ப்ரஹ்மதேயம் திருவிழிச்சலூருடைய ஸுப்ரஹ்மண்யதேவர்கோயில்
ஆதிஷண்டேஷ்வர தேவரருளால்
jayangkoNda
cOza maNdalattaamoorkOTTatu tEvataanam brahmadEyam tiruviziccalooruDaiya
subrahmaNya tEvarkOyil aadiSaNDESvara tEvararuLaal
Without a
doubt, these identify the Saluvankuppam area which was called Tiruviziccaloor
in Pallava and Chola period and only acquired the name Saluvankuppam in the
Vijayanagar period. AadiSanDESvara may be the then prevalent name of AthiRanaChanDESvara
– but since it talks of a Subramanya temple, perhaps not. Could this be the
same as the rock revealed in the 2004 tsunami, which when excavated showed a large
complex built of brick? This latter has a moderately long inscription, which I could
not read in person or from photos, but the Mahon paper transcript seems far far
longer. I believe that Mackenzie’s Inscribed Stone and Inscribed Rock await
rediscovery.
The No.
33 inscription then describes a sale of land in some detail, because of a deficit
in the treasury of the temple, which I will skip for brevity.
It
continues with a list of signatories – of temple officials – and witnesses – of
important people in nearby villages like Tiruporur, Siruthaavur, Paniayur,
Visamoor and Mamallapuram.
Discovering Mamallapuram and Pallavas
Babington’s
paper, though it has minor flaws, is masterfully scholarly and the work of a fine
aesthete. He provides the earliest identification of the inscriptions as
Sanskrit, translations of the inscriptions, their similarities, an aesthetic
appreciation of the various exquisite sculptures, surprise that Goldingham
overlooked those at Varaha Mandapam. His remark that the MahishasuraMardhini is
the most dynamic Indian sculpture, will be disputed by very few, even though he
qualifies with it the phrase “that he has ever seen”. His drawings, his tables
of the Tamil and Grantha alphabets drawn from inscriptions at Mallai are
invaluable. Separate tables for the Ganesha Ratha and Dharmaraja Ratha fonts
are icing on the cake. His comment on Sanskrit language, as unchanging for long
periods, is astute.
Mahon’s
paper is a tour de force of global sculpture including those of Egypt, Petra, Syria,
Persia etc. Interesting but not directly relevant. Braddock’s Guide is excellent
and the perhaps earliest Geographical tour of Mallai, after Kavali Lakshmayya’s
similar essay Telugu, which is included along with an English translation in Carr’s
book. But ignorance of the Pallava dynasty, mention of a half-savage Jain tribe
called Kurumbars, Adondai etc. stand in stark contrast how much more historians
know now.
Hultzsch,
Alexander Rea, Jouveau Dubreil, KR Srinivasan, C Minakshi etc must get great
credit for giving us a proper decoding the history of the Pallavas as a
pre-Chola dynasty, and a body of excellent scholarship.
Later Interpretations of Mamallapuram authorship
Until
1962, most scholars believed that monuments Mamallapuram were built by 3 kings,
"Mamalla" Narasimha, his grandson Parameshvara and his son Rajasimha.
But in 1962, Dr Nagaswamy, Director, Archaeology department, TamilNadu, wrote a
paper, titled New Light on Mamallapuram, arguing that Rajasimha was the sole
author of all the monuments. He argued that the dating of monuments cannot be
done on the basis of variations in pillar design, in scripts, or in
architectural variations, but must rest primarily on inscriptions. Some
scholars like Stella Kramrisch and DC Sircar agreed with him, while others were
not so persuaded.
A later paper by Michael Lockwood and Gift Siromoney,
published in their book Pallava Art,
refutes Nagaswamy’s theory. The Lockwood-Siromoney article talks of Babington but only of two inscriptions, not three.
There are several books and papers which deal mainly with the sculptures, but not the authorship.
Lecture at Tamil Arts Academy
When I
sent the photos of Rajasimha’s third inscription to Dr Nagaswamy, on April
15,2015, he was quite delighted and replied by email the next day. On April 17
we both visited the MLS library and perused the Carr book which threw up a
couple of other surprises – including a possible line drawing of a temple at
the base of the inscription at the Ganesha ratha.
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| Gopu on Various Researchers on Mallai |
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| Dr Nagaswamy at Tamil Arts Academy |
Dr
Nagaswamy organized a presentation at his residence under the auspices of his
Tamil Arts Academy, and was extremely generous in sharing the stage and asking
me to give an introduction to the Babington and Mahon’s papers. Mr Vijayan, who
works at DG Vaishnav College, and who does great service by voluntarily
recording several book reviews at Gandhi Study Center, editing and uploading
them to Youtube, eagerly recorded this program on May 6, 2015. The video is here.
Dr
Nagaswamy believes that the rediscovery of the third Rajasimha inscription,
adds strength to his theory. He encouraged everyone to take active interest in
the heritage and continue healthy debate on this subject. "Nobody can have
the last word," he emphasized.
I look forward to possible excavations by the ASI, and delightful revelations at Saluvankuppam.
In my own way, I felt as thrilled as William Jones and James Prinsep and Alexander Cunnigham and such others must have felt at their massive rediscovery of Indian history
Tailpiece
"Supposd Ancient Place" marked in Mackenzie's map and "a monolithic temple for Varuna, between the Shore temple and the Mahishasura Mardhini rock" in Lakshmayya's paper are two puzzles which also intrigue me!
Acknowledgment
Thanks to Prof Swaminathan for introducing me to Mamallapuram
Thanks to V Chandrasekhar, Vaidyanathan Ramamurthy and Rajasekar Pandurangan for photos
Thanks to Vijayan for video recording
Thanks to friends and enthusiasts of Tamil Heritage Group, too numerous to enumerate, too generous to repay
Afterword
On May 21, on a second reading of Walter Eliot's Supplement, which is included in the Carr book, I notice that he has mentioned that the Kulottunga Chola inscription is included in an appendix in
FW Ellis' "
Treatise on Mirasi Rights". I read Ellis'
Treatise and I confirm it.
Afterword 2
On a visit to Saluvankuppam on Saturday, May 23, I found Mackenzie's Inscribed Stone (marked as ASI monument stone No. 36) with the words "iccagatala tamaanaarkku" (
இச்சகதலதமானார்க்கு)
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| Mackenzie's stone ASI monument No. 36 |
Prof Sanakaranarayan of Sanskrit Department, Kanchi Vishva Vidyapeeth, told me in a phone call that Dr Rajavelu of Tamil University, Thanjavur, has published the Kulottunga Chola inscription - Mackenzie's Inscribed Rock.
VijayKumar, in Singapore, who blogs at
PoetryInStone forwarded the video to
Dr Michael Lockwood, by email. Dr Lockwood, author of
Pallava Art, has engaged me in a delightful email exchange. Initially he was skeptical that there was ever a third Rajasimha inscription, but now he believes it's not an open and shut case. He has written too many things to summarize, but he points out that the Babington / Col de Havilland's transcript No 2 begins Stanza 5 incorrectly "Hima giri" whereas in No 3 it begins "Iha giri"
Afterword 3 - Dr Lockwood's note
I received the following email from Dr Michael Lockwood, after he had read the Afterword No 2 above. I will leave the Afterword 2 unchanged for context. He writes:
"I realize now that I did not express my view to you clearly. I am still highly skeptical that anyone will ever discover the “third” distinct inscription that you are envisioning.
What I did come to the conclusion, after a careful examination of the three transcriptions in Carr’s book, is that I found nothing in the transcriptions with which to strongly twist your logical arm so as to bring you over to my view.
After 39 odd years of wrestling with Pallava epigraphical problems, some of my views rest on a kind of intuitional insight difficult, if not possible, to convey to someone else who holds an opposing view. Yes, of course I may be wrong, but I would, indeed, be highly surprised if that “third” inscription turns up!
Your friendly sparring colleague,
Michael"
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